This is an excellent question and, for most vitamins and supplements, the answer is “none.” The fact is that, for people believed to be healthy, there’s scant evidence that additional vitamins are useful. There are several caveats. Most women don’t have enough iron or calcium in their diet, and supplements are often useful, notably with respect to long-term bone health.

In this context, there’s a growing body of literature suggesting that relative vitamin D deficiency, as is common in the winter in developed countries, may be associated with some health problems. Any woman of reproductive age, notably women who are attempting to have children, should take folic acid given the excellent data showing reduction of the risk of neural tube defect with folic supplementation. Finally, there’s an emerging body of evidence that consuming fish oils containing omega-3 fatty acids may be associated with reduced risks for heart disease.

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